Induced responses.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptConclusionsInfluenza infection triggers a robust B cell response in the lymphoid tissues of the respiratory tract that provides immune protection from both primary and secondary infections. The regulation of this B cell response highlights the complexities of humoral response induction and maintenance to re
Induced responses.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptConclusionsInfluenza infection triggers a robust B cell response in the lymphoid tissues of the respiratory tract that provides immune protection from both primary and secondary infections. The regulation of this B cell response highlights the complexities of humoral response induction and maintenance to re
Uperposition of XkdM with gpVN, residues 33?9 from XkdM and 49 ?82 from gpVN have been removed. The folding of the gpVN C terminus (deep pink) into the Hcp1 8 (deep pink) or the XkdM 7 position (deep pink) are likely conformational changes. (E) A side view of 3 monomers from the Hcp1 hexamer where monomer A has been replaced with gpVN (blue). Highly conserved hydrophobic residues are colored red,
Blasts, bone marrow mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes (140). Various triggers induce synthesis of ET-1 including TGF- and other growth factors, cold exposure, low shear stress, hypoxia, and angiotensin II (140); but its synthesis is reduced by nitric oxide (NO), natriuretic peptides, increased blood flow, and prostacyclinCD87 (UPAR)(141). ET-1 is also degraded by MMP-1, wh
Blasts, bone marrow mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes (140). Various triggers induce synthesis of ET-1 including TGF- and other growth factors, cold exposure, low shear stress, hypoxia, and angiotensin II (140); but its synthesis is reduced by nitric oxide (NO), natriuretic peptides, increased blood flow, and prostacyclinCD87 (UPAR)(141). ET-1 is also degraded by MMP-1, wh
Cyanobacteria and higher plantscontain -carotene as a primary carotenoid found in both PSI and PSII (Fig. 3). In the case of A. marina, -carotene was detected instead of -carotene, and zeaxanthin, an oxidative product of -carotene, was identified as a major carotenoid (4, 13). A similar carotenoid composition has been reported only in Prochlorococcus species that contain atypical, divinyl-Chls, an
Cells at the site of influenza infection, it is likely that additional direct effects of innate signals guide the virusinduced B cell response. Thus, innate signals elaborated during influenza infection modulate B cell responses to infection by acting both directly on the B cells and indirectly via signaling to dendritic cells and other cells. The relative lack of TLR7- and/or inflammasome- signal
Ese genes are more closely related to those in filamentous cyanobacteria than the other -carotene-containing Prochlorococcus species.2008 www.pnas.org cgi doi 10.1073 pnas.A. marina is the only cyanobacterium found to contain both cruA and cruP, responsible for - and -carotene synthesis, in addition to lycopene cyclase (crtL) (35, 36). One class of cyclase, CrtL-e for -cyclase, was identified as t