E homologs to all known chlorophyll a biosynthesis genes. The two proteins responsible for the biosynthesis of Chl a from protoporphyrin IX, magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase (AcsF) and chlorophyll synthase (ChlG) (30), are highly homologous to those in other cyanobacteria, including a common conserved duplication of acsF. This indicates that Chl d is likely synthesize
E homologs to all known chlorophyll a biosynthesis genes. The two proteins responsible for the biosynthesis of Chl a from protoporphyrin IX, magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase (AcsF) and chlorophyll synthase (ChlG) (30), are highly homologous to those in other cyanobacteria, including a common conserved duplication of acsF. This indicates that Chl d is likely synthesize
R plants also synthesize both - and -carotene; however, -carotene is used primarily as a precursor of lutein, and only -carotene is found in reaction centers. Future biochemical work may indicate whether a preferential interaction between Chl d and -carotene (rather than -carotene) could account for its exclusivity in the reaction center. The chromosome of A. marina codes for 11 proteins predicted
Ese genes are more closely related to those in filamentous cyanobacteria than the other -carotene-containing Prochlorococcus species.2008 www.pnas.org cgi doi 10.1073 pnas.A. marina is the only cyanobacterium found to contain both cruA and cruP, responsible for - and -carotene synthesis, in addition to lycopene cyclase (crtL) (35, 36). One class of cyclase, CrtL-e for -cyclase, was identified as t
Cells at the site of influenza infection, it is likely that additional direct effects of innate signals guide the virusinduced B cell response. Thus, innate signals elaborated during influenza infection modulate B cell responses to infection by acting both directly on the B cells and indirectly via signaling to dendritic cells and other cells. The relative lack of TLR7- and/or inflammasome- signal
Cyanobacteria and higher plantscontain -carotene as a primary carotenoid found in both PSI and PSII (Fig. 3). In the case of A. marina, -carotene was detected instead of -carotene, and zeaxanthin, an oxidative product of -carotene, was identified as a major carotenoid (4, 13). A similar carotenoid composition has been reported only in Prochlorococcus species that contain atypical, divinyl-Chls, an
Blasts, bone marrow mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes (140). Various triggers induce synthesis of ET-1 including TGF- and other growth factors, cold exposure, low shear stress, hypoxia, and angiotensin II (140); but its synthesis is reduced by nitric oxide (NO), natriuretic peptides, increased blood flow, and prostacyclinCD87 (UPAR)(141). ET-1 is also degraded by MMP-1, wh
Blasts, bone marrow mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes (140). Various triggers induce synthesis of ET-1 including TGF- and other growth factors, cold exposure, low shear stress, hypoxia, and angiotensin II (140); but its synthesis is reduced by nitric oxide (NO), natriuretic peptides, increased blood flow, and prostacyclinCD87 (UPAR)(141). ET-1 is also degraded by MMP-1, wh