Ping physiological categories in ways that optimize fitness [5, 38]. The adolescent transition is a particularly useful time to consider energetic dynamics, as during puberty investment in linear growth is first increased (the adolescent growth spurt) and then terminated. Meanwhile, investment in reproduction, manifested in females as the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Urrent caloric excess, but still have very low absolute levels of adipose tissue. While organisms may use markers of energetic balance to judge whether to embark upon long term energetic projects, such as female reproduction [6], an acute immune response will demand a large amount of energy in a short period of time [3]. Given this, it may be more reliable for organisms to use signals of energetic
Y than acquired immunity [47], and may be especially sensitive to energetic indicators. The relationships between adipose tissue, leptin and immune function suggest that organisms increase innate immune vigilance when adipose tissue reserves are sufficient to fund acute immune responses. This framework, of considering the cost of an acute response as underlying the coupling of nonacute immune func
Y than acquired immunity [47], and may be especially sensitive to energetic indicators. The relationships between adipose tissue, leptin and immune function suggest that organisms increase innate immune vigilance when adipose tissue reserves are sufficient to fund acute immune responses. This framework, of considering the cost of an acute response as underlying the coupling of nonacute immune func
Y than acquired immunity [47], and may be especially sensitive to energetic indicators. The relationships between adipose tissue, leptin and immune function suggest that organisms increase innate immune vigilance when adipose tissue reserves are sufficient to fund acute immune responses. This framework, of considering the cost of an acute response as underlying the coupling of nonacute immune func
Ment in other energetic demands, such as reproduction or physical activity, also evidence trade-offs with nonacute immune function? Intriguingly, two recent studies support a hypothesis that there are some trade-offs between female reproductive function and higher levels of CRP. Though they do not| Shattuck-Heidorn et al.Evolution, Medicine, and Public Healthspecifically investigate non-acute CRP,
Egulates energy metabolism and storage and is also the site of immune and antibacterial responses [41, 42]. And it is well-known that a minimum level of body fat and the hormone leptin is necessary to maintain T-mediated immunity [43], and that leptin can regulate inflammatory immune processes, including stimulating Il-6 production in macrophages [44, 45]. This is congruent with our initial eviden
Ping physiological categories in ways that optimize fitness [5, 38]. The adolescent transition is a particularly useful time to consider energetic dynamics, as during puberty investment in linear growth is first increased (the adolescent growth spurt) and then terminated. Meanwhile, investment in reproduction, manifested in females as the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics