Dipose tissue reserves. In this sample, girls who were growing faster and girls who were depositing lean mass had, on average, lower non-acute CRP. We interpret this as evidence that, in this energy-limited environment, these girls were subsidizing the increased costs of growth in early adolescence through decreasing investment in non-acute immune function. We also find that, regardless of puberta
Egulates energy metabolism and storage and is also the site of immune and antibacterial responses [41, 42]. And it is well-known that a minimum level of body fat and the hormone leptin is necessary to maintain T-mediated immunity [43], and that leptin can regulate inflammatory immune processes, including stimulating Il-6 production in macrophages [44, 45]. This is congruent with our initial eviden
Ping physiological categories in ways that optimize fitness [5, 38]. The adolescent transition is a particularly useful time to consider energetic dynamics, as during puberty investment in linear growth is first increased (the adolescent growth spurt) and then terminated. Meanwhile, investment in reproduction, manifested in females as the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics
It is difficult to parse behavioral from physiological influences without direct measurement of the growth spurt. Alternatively, changes in levels of CRP may signify broader shifts in immunocompetence, perhaps particularly in innate immunocompetence, and not be specific to the action of CRP in particular. Outside of the context of chronic disease and pathology, the functional significance of varia
Urrent caloric excess, but still have very low absolute levels of adipose tissue. While organisms may use markers of energetic balance to judge whether to embark upon long term energetic projects, such as female reproduction [6], an acute immune response will demand a large amount of energy in a short period of time [3]. Given this, it may be more reliable for organisms to use signals of energetic
Impact the brain through epigenetic mechanisms. Both genetic mutations and epigenetic influences alter gene expression in different cell types of the brain. Mutations impact the expression of large numbers of genes and also have downstream consequences depending on specific pathways associated with the mutation. Environmental factors impact the expression of sets of genes by altering methylation/h
Heterogeneity of ASD is complex leads to the suggestion that biochemical studies of ASD brain may not prove informative. Instead, however, what is emerging from ongoing mechanistic studies across the world is that the pathophysiology of ASD may converge on common biological pathways [18?0] . It seems likely that the observed symptom heterogeneity that is typical of ASD clinical presentation arises
Dent power for predicting log CRP (Model 5, Table 2).Energetics and the immune systemShattuck-Heidorn et al. |pathological processes such as the increased recruitment of macrophages into adipose tissue in response to stress signals from enlarged adipocytes [40]. Here we find that CRP, in a range well below the chronic levels understood to result from obesity, is positively associated with adiposit